Canker sores are often confused with cold sores. An easy way to distinguish between the two is to remember that canker sores occur inside the mouth, and cold sores usually occur outside the mouth.
A canker sore is a small ulcer with a white or grey base and red border. There can be one or a number of sores in the mouth. Canker sores are very common and often recur.A cold sore, which is also called fever blister or herpes simplex, is composed of groups of painful, fluid-filled blisters that often erupt around the lips and sometime under the nose or under the chin. Cold sores are usually caused by herpes virus type I and are very contagious.
Canker sores usually heal in about a week or two. Rinsing with warm salt and water may help reduce the irritation. Over-the-counter topical anaesthetics can also provide relief.
Cold sores usually heal in about a week. Over-the-counter topical anaesthetics can provide temporary relief and prescription antiviral drugs may reduce these kinds of viral infections.

How often dental X-rays should be taken depends on the patient's individual health needs. Your dentist will review your history, examine your mouth and then decide whether you need radiographs and what type. If you are a new patient, the dentist may recommend radiographs to determine the present status of the hidden areas of your mouth and help complete a through examination.
The schedule for needing radiographs at recall visits varies according to your age, risk for disease, signs and symptoms. Recent x-rays may be needed to detect new cavities, or to determine the status of gum disease or for evaluation of growth and development in children. Children often need X-rays more often than adults. This is because their teeth and jaws are still developing and because their teeth are more likely to be affected by tooth decay than those of adults.

When X-rays pass through your mouth during a dental exam, more X-rays are absorbed by the teeth and bone than by the cheeks and gums before striking the film. This creates an image on the x-ray. Teeth appear lighter because fewer X-rays penetrated to reach the film. Cavities and gum disease appear darker because they allow more X-ray penetration. The interpretation of these X-rays allows the dentist to accurately detect hidden abnormalities.

You can help prevent cavities by following these tips:
• Brush two to three times a day with a fluoride toothpaste.
• Floss daily
• Eat nutritious and balanced meals and limit snacking. If unable to brush after a meal chewing gum or eating cheese will help protect your teeth
• Check with your dentist about use of supplemental fluoride, which strengthens your teeth, and about use of dental sealants (a plastic protective coating) applied to the chewing surfaces of the back teeth to protect them from decay.
Visit your dentist regularly for cleanings and oral examination.

Cavities are a destruction of the tooth enamel. They occur when foods containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches) such as milk, pop, raisins, cakes or candy are frequently left on the teeth. Bacteria that live in the mouth thrive on these foods, producing acids as a result. Over a period of time, these acids destroy tooth enamel, resulting in cavities. This process is also called "tooth decay."

Any mouth sore that persists for more than a week should be examined by your dentist. Leukoplakia is a thick, whitish-color patch that forms on the cheeks, gums or tongue and is caused by excess cell growth. It is common among tobacco users and can also result from irritations such as ill-filling dentures or a habit of chewing on one's cheek. The danger of leukoplakia is that it can progress to cancer. Your dentist may want to take a biopsy if the leukoplakia appears to be threatening.

You should replace your toothbrush every three to four months, or sooner if the bristles become worn, splayed or tattered. A hard, brittle brush can injure your gums and cause undo wear on the enamel of your teeth. Children's brushes may need to be replaced more often, as they can wear them out more rapidly.

Yes. Choosing the right toothbrush can help prevent damage to your teeth and gums. Use a size and shape that feels comfortable and allows you to reach the surfaces of every tooth. Replace your brush if the bristles become worn or tattered. Ask your dentist what type he\she recommends. There are several different types available, including electric toothbrushes.

Thoroughly brushing twice a day, and cleaning between the teeth daily with floss to remove plaque. Keep these tips in mind when brushing your teeth.
• Use a soft-bristled toothbrush.
• Place the brush at a 45-degree angle to the teeth and use a gentle tooth-wide, back-and-forth motion.
• Remember to clean the inside teeth surfaces where plaque deposits are heavy, and clean the back teeth and tongue.
• Replace your brush when the bristles become tattered or worn about every three to four months.

Yes. Even though teeth are protected by a hard layer of enamel, they can become worn out from improperly brushing your teeth. Toothbrush abrasion can occur on all surfaces of the teeth as well as in the softer cementum that covers the tooth roots, which can be exposed by receding gums. These exposed surfaces can become more prone to decay. When you brush, be sure to use gentle, short strokes

Floss removes plaque from between the teeth and under the gum line, areas where the toothbrush can't reach. If you haven't been in the habit, it's never too late to start.
When flossing, keep in mind these tips.
• Gently ease the floss between the teeth and gum line, never snap it.
• Form a "c" against the sides of both teeth and gently rub the floss up and down the tooth, moving it from under the gum line to the top of the tooth.
• Establish a regular pattern of flossing and remember to floss the backside of the last teeth.

Periodontal (gum) disease affects three out of four adults at some time in their lives. It doesn't necessarily hurt and you may not even be aware that you have it until an advanced stage. If you notice any of these warning signs, see your dentist:
• Gums that bleed when brushing
• Persistent bad breath
• Red, swollen or tender gums
• A change in the fit of partial dentures
• Pus between the teeth and gums
• Loose or separating teeth
• A change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite

Treatment methods depend upon the type of disease and how far the condition has progressed. The first step is to remove plaque and tartar deposits beneath the gum line. The tooth roots may also be planed to smooth the root surface, allowing the gum tissue to heal and reattach to the tooth. In some cases, the occlusion (bite) may require adjustment. This may require several visits to the hygienist to complete a through cleaning.
Antibiotics may be recommended to help control the growth of bacteria that cause periodontitis. A special mouth rinse may be recommended that will help eliminate the growth of bacteria as well.
When deep pockets between teeth and gums (4 to 6 mm or greater) are present, it is difficult for the dentist to thoroughly remove plaque and tartar. Patients can seldom, if ever, keep these pockets clean and free of plaque. As a result of these factors surgery may be needed to reduce the depth of those pockets. This often can help to restore periodontal health.
Using a variety of surgical techniques, the gum are lifted away to reach areas that require the removal of tartar and plaque, which cause chronic infection and delay healing. The tooth root is cleaned and smoothed to allow gum tissue to reattach itself. The gums are sutured back into place or into a new position that will be easier to keep clean at home.
Bone surgery may be used to rebuild or reshape bone that has been destroyed. Grafts of the patient's bone or artificial bone may be used, as well as the use of membranes. The dentist may use splints or other appliances to stabilize loose teeth and to guide the regeneration of tissue during healing.

You can help your teeth remain white by brushing twice a day, cleaning between the teeth daily with floss and seeing your dentist for regular cleanings along with occasional touch-up treatments. The surfaces of your teeth can be stained by tobacco and certain foods such as soy sauce and ketchup as well as beverages such as coffee, tea and pop and by deposits of calculus or tartar. If you have had your teeth whitened, avoid stain-causing foods for the first several days after the procedure.

The biological process involved in moving teeth is the same at any age. Children and adults can both benefit from orthodontics. It is recommended that every child receive an orthodontic evaluation by age seven. Treatment may take a little longer for adults. Because an adult's facial bones are no longer growing, certain corrections may not be accomplished with braces alone.

An orthodontic problem is called a malocclusion, meaning "bad bite." Some examples of causes of malocclusion are crowded teeth, extra teeth, missing teeth or jaws that are out of alignment. Most malocclusions are inherited, although some can be acquired. Acquired malocclusions can be caused by accidents, early or late loss of baby teeth, or sucking of the thumb or fingers for a prolonged period of time.

First, pre-treatment records are made. These records are important tools for the dentist to use in making an accurate diagnosis. They include medical/dental history, clinical examination; plaster study models of teeth, photos of your face and teeth and x-rays of your mouth and head. This information will be used to decide on the best treatment.

A custom treatment plan is outlined for each patient. The specific treatment appliance best suited to correct the patient's orthodontic problem is constructed. There are a variety of different orthodontic appliances that may be used.

When the orthodontic appliances are in place, this is considered the "active treatment" phase. Appliances are adjusted periodically so that the teeth are moved correctly and efficiently.

The time required for orthodontic treatment varies from person to person. An important factor in how long a patient wears braces is how well the patient cooperates during treatment - for example, by following instructions to wear rubber bands or head gear.

After active treatment is completed, the "retention" phase begins. A patient will need to wear a retainer so that the teeth stay in their new positions. For severe orthodontic problems, surgery may be recommended.

Today's braces are generally less noticeable than those of the past. Brackets, the part of the braces that hold the wires, are bonded to the front of the teeth. These brackets can be metal, clear, or tooth-coloured. Wires that are used for braces today are also less noticeable. In some cases, brackets may be put on the back of the teeth (lingual appliances). Modern wires are also less noticeable than their predecessors. Today's wires are made of "space age" materials that exert a steady, gentle pressure on the teeth, making the tooth-moving process faster and more comfortable for patients

Although the average treatment time is about 24 months, this varies with individual patients. Usually, adult treatment takes a little longer than a child's treatment. Other things to keep in mind are the severity of the problem, the health of the teeth, gums and supporting bone and how closely the patient follows instructions. While orthodontic treatment requires a time commitment, most people feel the benefits are well worth the time invested

There are several options available to replace missing teeth.
• A partial denture for either the top or bottom teeth is one option. The partial denture is a removable denture that replaces one or several missing teeth. It is anchored to the existing teeth using metal clasps.
• Another option would be having a bridge inserted. The bridge is a procedure that can be used to replace one or several missing teeth. It is fabricated at a dental lab and designed to match the existing size, shape and colour of your teeth. The procedure is very similar to a crown (cap) where the tooth structure is removed and a thimble like cap cemented over top. With a bridge the teeth on either side are prepared like crowns with artificial teeth cemented in between to replace the missing teeth.
• A third option is dental implants. They can provide artificial teeth that look natural and feel secure. Implants can also be used to attach full or partial dentures. Implants, however, are not a treatment option in every case. Implants are a surgical procedure. Therefore patients must be in good health, have healthy gums, have adequate bone to support the implant and be committed to thorough oral hygiene and regular dental visits.

New dentures may feel awkward for a little while until you become accustomed to them. The dentures may feel loose while the muscles of your cheek and tongue learn to keep them in place.
It is not abnormal to experience minor irritation or soreness to the gums, tongues and cheeks. You may find that saliva flow temporarily increases. As your mouth becomes accustomed to the dentures, these problems should diminish. One or more follow-up appointments with the dentist are generally needed after a denture is inserted. If any problem persists, particularly irritation or soreness, be sure to consult your dentist.

Dentures can be made to closely resemble your natural teeth so that little change in appearance will be noticeable. Dentures may even improve the look of your smile and help fill out the appearance of your face and profile.

Eating will take a little practice. Start with soft foods cut into small pieces. Chew slowly using both sides of your mouth at the same time to prevent the dentures from tipping. As you become accustomed to chewing, add other foods until you return to your normal diet.

Pronouncing certain words may require practice. Typically they are words that start with ‘s’ or ‘f’. Reading out loud and repeating troublesome words will help. If your dentures "click" while you're talking, speak more slowly. You may find that your dentures occasionally slip when you laugh, cough or smile. Reposition the dentures by gently biting down and swallowing. If a speaking problem persists, consult your dentist.

Your dentist will provide instructions about how long dentures should be kept in place. During the first few days, you may be advised to wear them most of the time, including while you sleep. This will help the muscles adjust more quickly. After the initial adjustment period, you may be instructed to remove the dentures before going to bed. This allows gum tissues to rest and promotes oral health.

Dentures are made to fit precisely and usually do not require use of an adhesive for comfort. In an emergency, denture adhesives can be used to keep the dentures stable until you see the dentist, but prolonged use can mask infections and cause bone loss in the jaw. Likewise, a poorly-fitting denture, which causes constant irritation over a long period, may contribute to the development of sores. If your dentures begin to feel loose, or cause pronounced discomfort, see your dentist immediately.

Dentures are very delicate and may break if dropped even a few inches. Stand over a folded towel or a basin of water when handling dentures. When you are not wearing them, store your dentures away from children and pets in a proper denture bath.

Dentures may lose their shape if they are allowed to dry out. When they are not worn, dentures should be placed in a denture cleanser soaking solution or in water. Your dentist can recommend the best method. Never place dentures in hot water, which could cause them to warp.

Like natural teeth, dentures must be brushed daily to remove food deposits and plaque. Brushing helps prevent dentures from becoming permanently stained and helps your mouth stay healthy. It's best to use a brush designed for cleaning dentures. Some denture wearers use hand soap or mild dishwashing liquid, which are both acceptable.

The first step in cleaning dentures is to rinse away loose food particles thoroughly. Moisten the brush and apply denture cleanser. Brush every surface, scrubbing gently to avoid damage.

Ultrasonic cleaners are also used to care for dentures. However, using an ultrasonic cleaner does not replace a thorough daily brushing.

You can seriously damage your dentures and harm your health by trying to adjust or repair your dentures. A denture that is not made to fit properly can cause irritation and sores. See your dentist if your dentures break, crack, chip, or if one of the teeth becomes loose. A dentist can often make the necessary adjustments or repairs on the same day. A person who lacks the proper training will not be able to reconstruct the denture. This can cause greater damage to the denture and may cause problems in your mouth. Glue sold over-the-counter often contains harmful chemicals and should not be used on dentures.

Over time, dentures will need to be relined, remade or rebased due to normal wear. To make a rebased denture, the dentists uses the existing denture teeth and makes a new denture base. Dentures may need to be replaced because a mouth naturally changes with age. Bone and gum ridges can recede or shrink, causing jaws to align differently. Shrinking ridges can cause dentures to fit less securely. Loose dentures can cause health problems, including sores and infections. A loose denture also makes chewing more difficult and may change your facial features. It's important to replace worn or poorly-fitting dentures before they cause problems.

Even with full dentures, you still need to take good care of your mouth. Every morning, brush your gums, tongue and palate with a soft-bristled brush before you put in your dentures. This removes plaque and stimulates circulation in the mouth. Selecting a balanced diet for proper nutrition is also important for maintaining a healthy mouth.

Your dentist will advise you about how often to visit. Regular dental check-ups are important. The dentist will examine your mouth to see if your dentures continue to fit properly. The dentist also examines your mouth for signs of oral diseases including cancer. With regular professional care, a positive attitude and persistence, you can become one of the millions of people who wear their dentures with a smile.

Root canal treatment is used to save damaged teeth. When the pulp (nerve) is diseased or injured and unable to repair itself, the pulp dies. The most frequent cause of pulp death is a fractured tooth or a deep cavity, which can expose the pulp to the bacteria found in saliva. The bacteria then cause an infection inside the tooth. If not removed damaged or diseased pulp can cause the tooth and surrounding tissues to become infected. Without treatment, your tooth could eventually have to be removed.

When the pulp (nerve) of a tooth becomes infected the infection can spread throughout the pulp. If root canal treatment is not done, the infection may travel into the tissues near the root tip. This can cause the surrounding bone to erode. The pocket of pus that forms is the abscess. The infection is most often caused by a deep cavity or crack in the tooth that allows bacteria to enter the pulp. An abscess can also be caused by trauma to the teeth from a blow to the mouth or from grinding your teeth at night.

Wisdom teeth are a important asset to the mouth only when they are healthy and properly positioned. However, problems often occur that require their removal. When the jaw isn't large enough to accommodate wisdom teeth, they can become impacted. The Wisdom teeth may then grow sideways, may remain trapped beneath the gum and bone or emerge only part way through the gums.
Extraction of wisdom teeth is normally recommended when:
• Wisdom teeth only partially erupt. This leaves an opening for bacteria to enter around the tooth and cause an infection.
• There is a chance that poorly aligned wisdom teeth will damage adjacent teeth by putting pressure on the other teeth.
• A cyst forms, damaging surrounding structures such as bone or tooth roots.
Ask your dentist about the health and positioning of your wisdom teeth.

Bad breath can be caused by such things as, poor oral hygiene, gum disease, a dry mouth caused by certain disease such as diabetes, certain foods, tobacco products or a medical disorder. When bacteria accumulate due to poor oral hygiene, gum disease or when saliva is lacking, bad breath can result. Saliva is necessary to wash away food particles and bacteria. Certain medications and disorders can lead to a dry mouth. Sometimes a sinus infection, postnasal drip or other respiratory tract infection can cause bad breath. If bad breath is persistent, contact your dentist to determine whether the cause is of dental origin.